veng::Model 복사 생성 시에 한 놈한 메모리 해제 관리하도록 수정할 것

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 .vs
-build/*
 out

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ project(VulkanEngine)
 
 find_package(Vulkan REQUIRED)
 
+include(cmake/Shaders.cmake)
 include(FetchContent)
 
 FetchContent_Declare(
@@ -13,6 +14,14 @@ FetchContent_Declare(
 )
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(glm)
 
+FetchContent_Declare(
+    spdlog
+    GIT_REPOSITORY "https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git"
+    GIT_TAG "v1.15.2"
+    GIT_SHALLOW ON
+)
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(spdlog)
+
 FetchContent_Declare(
     glfw
     GIT_REPOSITORY "https://github.com/glfw/glfw.git"
@@ -29,6 +38,14 @@ FetchContent_Declare(
 )
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(GSL)
 
+FetchContent_Declare(
+    ASSIMP
+    GIT_REPOSITORY "https://github.com/assimp/assimp.git"
+    GIT_TAG "v5.4.3"
+    GIT_SHALLOW ON
+)
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(ASSIMP)
+
 file(GLOB_RECURSE VulkanEngineSources CONFIGURE_DEPENDS
     "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*.cpp"
     "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/glfw/*.cpp"
@@ -40,8 +57,20 @@ target_link_libraries(VulkanEngine PRIVATE Vulkan::Vulkan)
 target_link_libraries(VulkanEngine PRIVATE glm)
 target_link_libraries(VulkanEngine PRIVATE glfw)
 target_link_libraries(VulkanEngine PRIVATE Microsoft.GSL::GSL)
+target_link_libraries(VulkanEngine PRIVATE spdlog)
+target_link_libraries(VulkanEngine PRIVATE assimp::assimp)
 
 target_include_directories(VulkanEngine PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include")
 target_compile_features(VulkanEngine PRIVATE cxx_std_20)
 
-target_precompile_headers(VulkanEngine PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/precomp.h")
+target_precompile_headers(VulkanEngine PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/precomp.h")
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE ShaderSources CONFIGURE_DEPENDS
+    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/shaders/*.vert"
+    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/shaders/*.frag"
+)
+
+add_shaders(VulkanEngineShaders ${ShaderSources})
+add_dependencies(VulkanEngine VulkanEngineShaders)
+
+file(COPY "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/assets/" DESTINATION "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/assets")

CMakeSettings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "configurations": [
+    {
+      "name": "x64-Debug",
+      "generator": "Ninja",
+      "configurationType": "Debug",
+      "inheritEnvironments": [ "msvc_x64_x64" ],
+      "buildRoot": "${projectDir}\\out\\build\\${name}",
+      "installRoot": "${projectDir}\\out\\install\\${name}",
+      "cmakeCommandArgs": "",
+      "buildCommandArgs": "",
+      "ctestCommandArgs": ""
+    }
+  ]
+}

cmake/Shaders.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+function(add_shaders TARGET_NAME)
+	set(SHADER_SOURCE_FILES ${ARGN})
+	list(LENGTH SHADER_SOURCE_FILES FILE_COUNT)
+	if(FILE_COUNT EQUAL 0)
+		message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot add shaders target without shader files!")
+	endif()
+
+	set(SHADER_COMMANDS)
+	set(SHADER_PRODUCTS)
+
+	foreach(SHADER_SOURCE IN LISTS SHADER_SOURCE_FILES)
+		cmake_path(ABSOLUTE_PATH SHADER_SOURCE NORMALIZE)
+		cmake_path(GET SHADER_SOURCE FILENAME SHADER_NAME)
+
+		# COMMANDS
+		list(APPEND SHADER_COMMANDS COMMAND)
+		list(APPEND SHADER_COMMANDS Vulkan::glslc)
+		list(APPEND SHADER_COMMANDS "${SHADER_SOURCE}")
+		list(APPEND SHADER_COMMANDS "-o")
+		list(APPEND SHADER_COMMANDS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${SHADER_NAME}.spv")
+		# PRODUCTS
+		list(APPEND SHADER_PRODUCTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${SHADER_NAME}.spv")
+	endforeach()
+
+	add_custom_target(${TARGET_NAME} ALL
+		${SHADER_COMMANDS}
+		COMMENT "Compiling shaders..."
+		SOURCES ${SHADER_SOURCE_FILES}
+		BYPRODUCTS ${SHADER_PRODUCTS}
+	)
+endfunction()

include/asset/loader.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "asset/object/model.h"
+#include "assimp/Importer.hpp"
+#include "assimp/postprocess.h"
+#include "assimp/scene.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+typedef Model& inModel;
+
+class Loader {
+public:
+  void setPath(std::string path);
+  void loadModel(inModel model);
+  std::vector<std::uint8_t> readTexture();
+
+private:
+  Assimp::Importer importer_;
+  const struct aiScene* scene_;
+};
+}  // namespace veng

include/asset/object/material.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "vulkan/texture_handle.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+struct Material {
+  TextureHandle texture;
+};
+}  // namespace veng

include/asset/object/model.h

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/quaternion.hpp>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "material.h"
+#include "vulkan/buffer_handle.h"
+#include "vulkan/vertex.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+struct Model {
+  Model(class Graphics* graphics) : graphics_(graphics) {}
+  ~Model();
+
+  std::vector<veng::Vertex> vertices;
+  veng::BufferHandle vertex_buffer;
+  std::vector<std::uint32_t> indices;
+  veng::BufferHandle index_buffer;
+
+  glm::mat4 transform = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::radians(180.f),
+                                     glm::vec3(0.f, 0.f, 1.f));
+
+  glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.f);
+  glm::vec3 linear_velocity = glm::vec3(0.f);
+  glm::vec3 linear_acceleration = glm::vec3(0.f);
+
+  glm::quat rotation = glm::quat(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+  glm::vec3 angular_velocity = glm::vec3(0.f);  // 축 * 각속도(rad/s)
+  glm::vec3 angular_acceleration = glm::vec3(0.f);
+
+  glm::vec3 scale = glm::vec3(1.f);
+
+  Material material;
+
+  glm::mat4 UpdateTransform(float dt);
+
+  glm::vec3 original_offset = glm::vec3(0.f);
+
+ private:
+  class Graphics* graphics_;
+};
+}  // namespace veng

include/glfw/glfw_window.h

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-struct GLFWmonitor;
-struct GLFWwindow;
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 
 namespace veng {
 class Window {
@@ -10,9 +9,12 @@ class Window {
   ~Window();
 
   glm::ivec2 GetWindowSize() const;
+  glm::ivec2 GetFramebufferSize() const;
   bool ShouldClose() const;
   GLFWwindow* GetHandle() const;
 
+  GLFWkeyfun SetKeyCallback(GLFWkeyfun key_callback);
+
   bool TryMoveToMonitor(std::uint16_t monitor_number);
 
  private:

include/precomp.h

@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <functional>
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <gsl/gsl>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
-#include <cstring>
 #include <string_view>
 
+#include "spdlog/spdlog.h"
 #include "utilities.h"
+
+#define MAX_BUFFERED_FRAMES (2)

include/utilities.h

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <filesystem>
+
 namespace veng {
 bool streq(gsl::czstring left, gsl::czstring right);
+std::vector<std::uint8_t> ReadFile(std::filesystem::path shader_path);
 }

include/vulkan/buffer_handle.h

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+namespace veng {
+
+struct BufferHandle {
+  VkBuffer buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkDeviceMemory memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+};
+
+}  // namespace veng

include/vulkan/coordinate.h

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "asset/object/model.h"
+
+namespace std {
+template <>
+struct hash<glm::i64vec3> {
+  std::size_t operator()(const glm::i64vec3& v) const noexcept {
+    std::size_t h1 = std::hash<int64_t>()(v.x);
+    std::size_t h2 = std::hash<int64_t>()(v.y);
+    std::size_t h3 = std::hash<int64_t>()(v.z);
+    return h1 ^ (h2 << 1) ^ (h3 << 2);
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace std
+
+namespace veng {
+
+class Coord {
+ public:
+  Coord() : seg(glm::i64vec3(0)), pos(glm::vec3(0.f)) {}
+  Coord(glm::vec3 _pos) : seg(glm::i64vec3(0)), pos(_pos) {}
+  Coord(glm::i64vec3 _seg, glm::vec3 _pos) : seg(_seg), pos(_pos) {}
+
+  glm::i64vec3 seg;
+  glm::vec3 pos;
+
+  Coord operator+(const Coord& other) const;
+  Coord operator-(const Coord& other) const;
+
+  std::unordered_map<glm::i64vec3, glm::vec3> coord_system;
+
+ private:
+  const std::float_t border = 1000.f;
+};
+
+}  // namespace veng

include/vulkan/graphics.h

@@ -1,16 +1,96 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
 
+#include "buffer_handle.h"
 #include "glfw/glfw_window.h"
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "texture_handle.h"
+#include "vertex.h"
 
 namespace veng {
+
+struct Frame {
+  VkSemaphore image_available_signal = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkSemaphore render_finished_signal = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkFence still_rendering_fence = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+  VkCommandBuffer command_buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+  VkDescriptorSet uniform_set = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  BufferHandle uniform_buffer;
+  void* uniform_buffer_location;
+};
+
 class Graphics final {
  public:
-  Graphics(gsl::not_null<Window *> window);
+  Graphics(gsl::not_null<Window*> window);
   ~Graphics();
 
+  bool BeginFrame();
+  void SetModelMatrix(glm::mat4 model);
+  void SetViewProjection(glm::mat4 view, glm::mat4 projection);
+  void SetTexture(TextureHandle handle);
+  void RenderBuffer(BufferHandle handle, std::uint32_t vertex_count);
+  void RenderIndexedBuffer(BufferHandle vertex_buffer,
+                           BufferHandle index_buffer, std::uint32_t count);
+  void RenderModel(struct Model& model);
+  void EndFrame();
+
+  BufferHandle CreateVertexBuffer(gsl::span<Vertex> vertices);
+  BufferHandle CreateIndexBuffer(gsl::span<std::uint32_t> indices);
+  void DestroyBuffer(BufferHandle handle);
+  TextureHandle CreateTexture(gsl::czstring path);
+  TextureHandle CreateTexture(std::vector<std::uint8_t> image_file_data);
+  TextureHandle CreateTexture(gsl::span<std::uint8_t> image_file_data);
+  void DestroyTexture(TextureHandle handle);
+
+ private:
+  struct QueueFamilyIndices {
+    std::optional<std::uint32_t> graphics_family = std::nullopt;
+    std::optional<std::uint32_t> presentation_family = std::nullopt;
+
+    bool IsValid() const {
+      return graphics_family.has_value() && presentation_family.has_value();
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct SwapChainProperties {
+    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities = {};
+    std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
+    std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> present_modes;
+
+    bool IsValid() const { return !formats.empty() && !present_modes.empty(); }
+  };
+
+  // 초기화
+
   void InitializeVulkan();
   void CreateInstance();
+  void SetupDebugMessenger();
+  void PickPhysicalDevice();
+  void CreateLogicalDeviceAndQueues();
+  void CreateSurface();
+  void CreateSwapChain();
+  void CreateImageViews();
+  void CreateRenderPass();
+  void CreateGraphicsPipeline();
+  void CreateFramebuffers();
+  void CreateCommandPool();
+  void CreateCommandBuffer();
+  void CreateSignals();
+  void CreateDescriptorSetLayouts();
+  void CreateDescriptorPools();
+  void CreateDescriptorSets();
+  void CreateTextureSampler();
+  void CreateDepthResources();
+
+  void RecreateSwapChain();
+  void CleanupSwapChain();
+
+  // 랜더링
+
+  void BeginCommands();
+  void EndCommands();
 
   std::vector<gsl::czstring> GetRequiredInstanceExtentions();
 
@@ -21,8 +101,93 @@ class Graphics final {
   static std::vector<VkLayerProperties> GetSupprotedValidationLayers();
   static bool AreAllLayersSupported(gsl::span<gsl::czstring> extensions);
 
-  VkInstance instance_ = nullptr;
-  gsl::not_null<Window *> window_;
+  QueueFamilyIndices FindQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device);
+  SwapChainProperties GetSwapChainProperties(VkPhysicalDevice device);
+  bool IsDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device);
+  std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> GetAvailableDevices();
+  bool AreAllDeviceExtensionsSupported(VkPhysicalDevice device);
+  std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> GetDeviceAvailableExtensions(
+      VkPhysicalDevice device);
+
+  VkSurfaceFormatKHR ChooseSwapSurfaceFormat(
+      gsl::span<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats);
+  VkPresentModeKHR ChooseSwapPresentMode(
+      gsl::span<VkPresentModeKHR> present_modes);
+  VkExtent2D ChooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities);
+  std::uint32_t ChooseSwapImageCount(
+      const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities);
+
+  VkShaderModule CreateShaderModule(gsl::span<std::uint8_t> buffer);
+
+  std::uint32_t FindMemoryType(std::uint32_t type_bits_filter,
+                               VkMemoryPropertyFlags required_properties);
+
+  BufferHandle CreateBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
+                            VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties);
+  VkCommandBuffer BeginTransientCommandBuffer();
+  void EndTransientCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer);
+  void CreateUniformBuffers();
+
+  TextureHandle CreateImage(glm::ivec2 size, VkFormat image_format,
+                            VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
+                            VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties);
+  void TransitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkImageLayout old_layout,
+                             VkImageLayout new_layout);
+  void CopyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, glm::ivec2 image_size);
+  VkImageView CreateImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format,
+                              VkImageAspectFlags aspect_flag);
+
+  VkViewport GetViewport();
+  VkRect2D GetScissor();
+
+  std::array<gsl::czstring, 1> required_device_extentions_ = {
+      VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME};
+
+  VkInstance instance_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debug_messenger_;
+
+  VkPhysicalDevice physical_device_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkDevice logical_device_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkQueue graphics_queue_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkQueue present_queue_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+  VkSurfaceKHR surface_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkSwapchainKHR swap_chain_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkSurfaceFormatKHR surface_format_;
+  VkPresentModeKHR present_mode_;
+  VkExtent2D extent_;
+
+  std::vector<VkImage> swap_chain_images_;
+  std::vector<VkImageView> swap_chain_image_views_;
+  std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swap_chain_framebuffers_;
+
+  VkPipelineLayout pipeline_layout_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkRenderPass render_pass_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkPipeline pipeline_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptor_set_layout_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+  VkCommandPool command_pool_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+  std::uint32_t current_image_index_ = 0;
+
+  VkDescriptorSetLayout uniform_set_layout_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkDescriptorPool uniform_pool_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  
+
+  VkDescriptorSetLayout texture_set_layout_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkDescriptorPool texture_pool_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkSampler texture_sampler_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  TextureHandle depth_texture_;
+
+  std::array<Frame, MAX_BUFFERED_FRAMES> frames_;
+  std::int32_t current_frame_ = 0;
+
+  gsl::not_null<Window*> window_;
   bool validation_enabled_ = false;
 };
+
+VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT GetCreateMessengerInfo();
+bool IsExtensionSupported(gsl::span<VkExtensionProperties> extensions,
+                          gsl::czstring name);
+
 }  // namespace veng

include/vulkan/texture_handle.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+namespace veng {
+
+struct TextureHandle {
+  VkImage image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkImageView image_view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkDeviceMemory memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  VkDescriptorSet set = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+};
+
+}  // namespace veng

include/vulkan/uniform_transformations.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace veng {
+struct UniformTransformations {
+  glm::mat4 view;
+  glm::mat4 projection;
+};
+}  // namespace veng

include/vulkan/vertex.h

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+namespace veng {
+struct Vertex {
+  Vertex() : position(glm::vec3(0.f)), uv(glm::vec2(0.f)) {}
+  Vertex(glm::vec3 _position, glm::vec2 _uv) : position(_position), uv(_uv) {}
+
+  glm::vec3 position;
+  glm::vec2 uv;
+
+  static VkVertexInputBindingDescription GetBindingDescription() {
+    VkVertexInputBindingDescription description = {};
+    description.binding = 0;
+    description.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
+    description.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
+
+    return description;
+  }
+
+  static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> GetAttributeDescriptions() {
+    std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> descriptions = {};
+
+    descriptions[0].binding = 0;
+    descriptions[0].location = 0;
+    descriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
+    descriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, position);
+
+    descriptions[1].binding = 0;
+    descriptions[1].location = 1;
+    descriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
+    descriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, uv);
+
+    return descriptions;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace veng

shaders/basic.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#version 450
+#include "common.glsl"
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 vertex_uv;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 out_color;
+
+layout(set = 1, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D texture_sampler;
+
+void main() {
+	out_color = texture(texture_sampler, vertex_uv);
+}

shaders/basic.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#version 450
+#include "common.glsl"
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 input_position;
+layout(location = 1) in vec2 input_uv;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec2 vertex_uv;
+
+layout(push_constant) uniform Model {
+    mat4 transformation;
+} model;
+
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = camera.projection * camera.view * model.transformation * vec4(input_position, 1.0);
+    vertex_uv = input_uv;
+}

shaders/common.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#extension GL_KHR_vulkan_glsl : enable
+
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform UniformTransformations {
+  mat4 view;
+  mat4 projection;
+}
+camera;

src/asset/loader.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#include "asset/loader.h"
+
+#include "stb/stb_image.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+void Loader::setPath(std::string path) {
+  scene_ = importer_.ReadFile(
+      path.c_str(), aiProcess_CalcTangentSpace | aiProcess_Triangulate |
+                        aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices |
+                        aiProcess_SortByPType | aiProcess_FlipUVs);
+  if (scene_ == nullptr || !scene_->HasMeshes())
+    throw std::runtime_error(importer_.GetErrorString());
+}
+void Loader::loadModel(inModel model) {
+  aiMesh* mesh = scene_->mMeshes[0];
+
+  for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < mesh->mNumVertices; i++) {
+    glm::vec2 uv = {mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i].x, mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i].y};
+    model.vertices.emplace_back(
+        glm::vec3{mesh->mVertices[i].x, mesh->mVertices[i].y,
+                  mesh->mVertices[i].z},
+        uv);
+  }
+
+  for (auto& const it : model.vertices) {
+    model.original_offset.x += it.position.x / model.vertices.size();
+    model.original_offset.y += it.position.y / model.vertices.size();
+    model.original_offset.z += it.position.z / model.vertices.size();
+  }
+
+  for (auto& vertex : model.vertices) {
+    vertex.position -= model.original_offset;
+  }
+
+  for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < mesh->mNumFaces; i++) {
+    aiFace face = mesh->mFaces[i];
+    for (unsigned int j = 0; j < face.mNumIndices; ++j) {
+      model.indices.push_back(face.mIndices[j]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+std::vector<std::uint8_t> Loader::readTexture() {
+  aiString texture_path;
+  if (scene_->mMaterials[scene_->mMeshes[0]->mMaterialIndex]->GetTexture(
+          aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, 0, &texture_path) != AI_SUCCESS) {
+    spdlog::warn("No texture");
+  }
+
+  if (scene_->mNumTextures > 0 || texture_path.C_Str()[0] == '*') {
+    const aiTexture* texture = scene_->GetEmbeddedTexture(texture_path.C_Str());
+
+    return std::vector<std::uint8_t>(
+        (std::uint8_t*)texture->pcData,
+        (std::uint8_t*)texture->pcData + texture->mWidth);
+  }
+
+  return ReadFile(texture_path.C_Str());
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/asset/object/model.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#include "asset/object/model.h"
+
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+Model::~Model() {
+  if (graphics_ == nullptr) return;
+
+  graphics_->DestroyTexture(material.texture);
+  graphics_->DestroyBuffer(vertex_buffer);
+  graphics_->DestroyBuffer(index_buffer);
+}
+
+glm::mat4 Model::UpdateTransform(float dt) {
+  linear_velocity += linear_acceleration * dt;
+  position += linear_velocity * dt;
+
+  angular_velocity += angular_acceleration * dt;
+  if (glm::length(angular_velocity) > 1e-6f) {
+    rotation =
+        glm::normalize(glm::rotate(rotation, glm::length(angular_velocity * dt),
+                                   glm::normalize(angular_velocity)));
+  }
+
+  transform = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.0f), position) *
+               glm::mat4_cast(rotation) * glm::scale(glm::mat4(1.0f), scale);
+
+  return transform;
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/glfw/glfw_initialization.cpp

@@ -7,8 +7,15 @@
 #include "precomp.h"
 
 namespace veng {
+void glfw_error_callback(std::int32_t error_code, gsl::czstring message) {
+  spdlog::error("Glfw Validation: {}", message);
+}
+
 GlfwInitialization::GlfwInitialization() {
+  glfwSetErrorCallback(glfw_error_callback);
   if (glfwInit() != GLFW_TRUE) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }
+
 GlfwInitialization::~GlfwInitialization() { glfwTerminate(); }
+
 }  // namespace veng

src/glfw/glfw_window.cpp

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
+#include "glfw/glfw_window.h"
+
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 
 #include "glfw/glfw_monitor.h"
-#include "glfw/glfw_window.h"
 #include "precomp.h"
 
 namespace veng {
 
 Window::Window(gsl::czstring name, glm::ivec2 size) {
-  glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);
+  // glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);
   glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
 
   window_ = glfwCreateWindow(size.x, size.y, name, nullptr, nullptr);
@@ -22,10 +23,20 @@ glm::ivec2 Window::GetWindowSize() const {
   return window_size;
 }
 
+glm::ivec2 Window::GetFramebufferSize() const {
+  glm::ivec2 size;
+  glfwGetFramebufferSize(window_, &size.x, &size.y);
+  return size;
+}
+
 bool Window::ShouldClose() const { return glfwWindowShouldClose(window_); }
 
 GLFWwindow* Window::GetHandle() const { return window_; }
 
+GLFWkeyfun Window::SetKeyCallback(GLFWkeyfun key_callback) {
+  return glfwSetKeyCallback(window_, key_callback);
+}
+
 bool Window::TryMoveToMonitor(std::uint16_t monitor_number) {
   gsl::span<GLFWmonitor*> monitors = veng::GetMonitors();
 

src/main.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+
+#include "asset/loader.h"
 #include "glfw/glfw_initialization.h"
 #include "glfw/glfw_monitor.h"
 #include "glfw/glfw_window.h"
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/coordinate.h"
 #include "vulkan/graphics.h"
 
 std::int32_t main(std::int32_t argc, gsl::zstring* argv) {
@@ -13,9 +18,193 @@ std::int32_t main(std::int32_t argc, gsl::zstring* argv) {
 
   veng::Graphics graphics(&window);
 
+  veng::Coord cord;
+
+  veng::Loader loader;
+
+  veng::Model player(&graphics);
+  loader.setPath("assets/player.fbx");
+  loader.loadModel(player);
+  player.vertex_buffer = graphics.CreateVertexBuffer(player.vertices);
+  player.index_buffer = graphics.CreateIndexBuffer(player.indices);
+  player.material.texture = graphics.CreateTexture(loader.readTexture());
+  player.scale = glm::vec3(.02f);
+  player.position.x = 100000.f;
+  player.position.y = 100000.f;
+
+  veng::Model player_flame(&graphics);
+  loader.setPath("assets/player_flame.fbx");
+  loader.loadModel(player_flame);
+  player_flame.vertex_buffer =
+      graphics.CreateVertexBuffer(player_flame.vertices);
+  player_flame.index_buffer = graphics.CreateIndexBuffer(player_flame.indices);
+  player_flame.material.texture = graphics.CreateTexture(loader.readTexture());
+
+  veng::Model bullet(&graphics);
+  loader.setPath("assets/bullet.fbx");
+  loader.loadModel(bullet);
+  bullet.vertex_buffer = graphics.CreateVertexBuffer(bullet.vertices);
+  bullet.index_buffer = graphics.CreateIndexBuffer(bullet.indices);
+  bullet.material.texture = graphics.CreateTexture(loader.readTexture());
+  bullet.scale = glm::vec3(.1f);
+
+  veng::Model background(&graphics);
+  loader.setPath("assets/background.fbx");
+  loader.loadModel(background);
+  background.vertex_buffer = graphics.CreateVertexBuffer(background.vertices);
+  background.index_buffer = graphics.CreateIndexBuffer(background.indices);
+  background.material.texture = graphics.CreateTexture(loader.readTexture());
+  background.position = {background.position.x, background.position.y, 30.f};
+  background.scale *= 100;
+
+  veng::Model camera_lag(nullptr);
+  camera_lag.position = player.position;
+  camera_lag.position.z = -5;
+
+  glm::mat4 view =
+      glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0.f, 0.f, -5.f), glm::vec3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f),
+                  glm::vec3(0.f, -1.f, 0.f));
+  glm::mat4 projection =
+      glm::perspective(glm::radians(150.f), 800.f / 600.f, 0.1f, 100.f);
+  // glm::mat4 projection = glm::ortho(-10.f, 10.f, -10.f, 10.f, -10.f, 10.f);
+  graphics.SetViewProjection(view, projection);
+
+  /*auto raw_texture = loader.readTexture();
+  player.material.texture =
+      graphics.CreateTexture({raw_texture.data(), raw_texture.size()});
+  wall.material.texture = graphics.CreateTexture("assets/copying-stones.jpg");*/
+
+  double last_time = glfwGetTime();
+
+  veng::Model bullet2(&graphics);
+
+  glm::ivec2 window_size;
   while (!window.ShouldClose()) {
-    glfwSwapBuffers(window.GetHandle());
     glfwPollEvents();
+
+    glm::ivec2 current_window_size = window.GetFramebufferSize();
+    if (current_window_size != window_size && current_window_size.x != 0 &&
+        current_window_size.y != 0) {
+      window_size = current_window_size;
+      auto grater = (current_window_size.x > current_window_size.y)
+                        ? current_window_size.x
+                        : current_window_size.y;
+      /*projection = glm::ortho(0.01f * (float)current_window_size.x / 2,
+                              -0.01f * (float)current_window_size.x / 2,
+                              -0.01f * (float)current_window_size.y / 2,
+                              0.01f * (float)current_window_size.y / 2,
+                              -1 * (float)grater, (float)grater);*/
+      projection = glm::perspective(
+          glm::radians(90.f),
+          (float)current_window_size.x / (float)current_window_size.y, 0.1f,
+          100.f);
+      graphics.SetViewProjection(view, projection);
+    }
+
+    glm::vec3 forward = player.rotation * glm::vec3(0, 1, 0);
+    glm::vec3 right = player.rotation * glm::vec3(1, 0, 0);
+
+    if (glfwGetKey(window.GetHandle(), GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS) {
+      right = player.rotation * glm::vec3(0, 0, 1);
+      player.angular_velocity = right * 6.f;
+    } else if (glfwGetKey(window.GetHandle(), GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS) {
+      right = player.rotation * glm::vec3(0, 0, 1);
+      player.angular_velocity = right * -6.f;
+    } else {
+      right = player.rotation * glm::vec3(0, 0, 1);
+      player.angular_velocity = right * 0.f;
+    }
+
+    background.linear_velocity = player.linear_velocity * -1.f;
+
+    if (graphics.BeginFrame()) {
+      double current_time = glfwGetTime();
+      float delta_time = static_cast<float>(current_time - last_time);
+      last_time = current_time;
+
+      float stiffness = 500.0f * ((glm::length(player.linear_velocity) > 1.f)
+                                      ? glm::length(player.linear_velocity)
+                                      : 1.f);       // 더 크면 빠르게 따라감
+      float damping = 10.f * glm::sqrt(stiffness);  // 임계 감쇠
+
+      // 감쇠 스프링 업데이트
+      glm::vec3 displacement = camera_lag.position - player.position;
+
+      camera_lag.linear_velocity +=
+          (-stiffness * displacement - damping * camera_lag.linear_velocity) *
+          delta_time;
+
+      glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(
+          glm::vec3(camera_lag.position.x, camera_lag.position.y, -5.f),
+          camera_lag.position, glm::vec3(0.f, -1.f, 0.f));
+      graphics.SetViewProjection(view, projection);
+
+      player.UpdateTransform(delta_time);
+      player_flame.transform =
+          glm::translate(player.transform, player_flame.original_offset * 0.5f);
+      bullet.transform = player.transform;
+      background.UpdateTransform(delta_time);
+      camera_lag.UpdateTransform(delta_time);
+
+      graphics.RenderModel(player);
+      graphics.RenderModel(bullet);
+
+      bullet2 = bullet;
+      bullet2.transform =
+          glm::translate(player.transform, player_flame.original_offset * 0.5f);
+      graphics.RenderModel(bullet2);
+
+      if (glfwGetKey(window.GetHandle(), GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS) {
+        player.linear_acceleration = glm::normalize(forward) * 10.f;
+
+        graphics.RenderModel(player_flame);
+      } else
+        player.linear_acceleration = forward * .0f;
+
+      spdlog::info("player cord: x:{}, y:{}", player.position.x,
+                   player.position.y);
+
+      if (player.position.x - background.position.x >= background.scale.x) {
+        background.position += glm::vec3(2.f, 0.f, 0.f) * background.scale;
+      }
+      if (player.position.x - background.position.x < -background.scale.x) {
+        background.position -= glm::vec3(2.f, 0.f, 0.f) * background.scale;
+      }
+      if (player.position.y - background.position.y >= background.scale.y) {
+        background.position += glm::vec3(0.f, 2.f, 0.f) * background.scale;
+      }
+      if (player.position.y - background.position.y < -background.scale.y) {
+        background.position -= glm::vec3(0.f, 2.f, 0.f) * background.scale;
+      }
+
+      glm::vec3 sparse;
+
+      sparse = glm::vec3(1.f, 1.f, 0.f);
+      background.position += sparse * background.scale;
+      background.UpdateTransform(delta_time);
+      graphics.RenderModel(background);
+      background.position -= sparse * background.scale;
+
+      sparse = glm::vec3(-1.f, 1.f, 0.f);
+      background.position += sparse * background.scale;
+      background.UpdateTransform(delta_time);
+      graphics.RenderModel(background);
+      background.position -= sparse * background.scale;
+
+      sparse = glm::vec3(1.f, -1.f, 0.f);
+      background.position += sparse * background.scale;
+      background.UpdateTransform(delta_time);
+      graphics.RenderModel(background);
+      background.position -= sparse * background.scale;
+
+      sparse = glm::vec3(-1.f, -1.f, 0.f);
+      background.position += sparse * background.scale;
+      background.UpdateTransform(delta_time);
+      graphics.RenderModel(background);
+      background.position -= sparse * background.scale;
+
+      graphics.EndFrame();
+    }
   }
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;

src/stb/stb_image.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "stb/stb_image.h"

src/utilities.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,28 @@
 #include "utilities.h"
 
+#include <fstream>
+
 #include "precomp.h"
 
 namespace veng {
 bool streq(gsl::czstring left, gsl::czstring right) {
   return std::strcmp(left, right) == 0;
 }
+std::vector<std::uint8_t> ReadFile(std::filesystem::path shader_path) {
+  if (!std::filesystem::exists(shader_path)) return {};
+  if (!std::filesystem::is_regular_file(shader_path)) return {};
+
+  std::ifstream file(shader_path, std::ios::binary);
+
+  if (!file.is_open()) return {};
+
+  std::uintmax_t file_size = std::filesystem::file_size(shader_path);
+  if (file_size > std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max()) return {};  // 방어
+
+  std::uint32_t size = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(file_size);
+  std::vector<std::uint8_t> buffer(size);
+  file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), size);
+
+  return buffer;
+}
 }  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/buffers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+#include "asset/object/model.h"
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+#include "vulkan/uniform_transformations.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+std::uint32_t Graphics::FindMemoryType(
+    std::uint32_t type_bits_filter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags required_properties) {
+  VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memory_properties;
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physical_device_, &memory_properties);
+  gsl::span<VkMemoryType> memory_types(memory_properties.memoryTypes,
+                                       memory_properties.memoryTypeCount);
+
+  for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < memory_types.size(); i++) {
+    bool passes_filter = type_bits_filter & (1 << i);
+    bool has_property_flags =
+        memory_types[i].propertyFlags & required_properties;
+
+    if (passes_filter && has_property_flags) return i;
+  }
+
+  throw std::runtime_error("Cannot find memory type!");
+}
+
+BufferHandle Graphics::CreateBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
+                                    VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
+  BufferHandle handle = {};
+
+  VkBufferCreateInfo buffer_info = {};
+  buffer_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
+  buffer_info.size = size;
+  buffer_info.usage = usage;
+  buffer_info.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+
+  VkResult result =
+      vkCreateBuffer(logical_device_, &buffer_info, nullptr, &handle.buffer);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to create vertex buffer!");
+
+  VkMemoryRequirements memory_requirements;
+  vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(logical_device_, handle.buffer,
+                                &memory_requirements);
+
+  std::uint32_t chosen_memory_type =
+      FindMemoryType(memory_requirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);
+
+  VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocation_info = {};
+  allocation_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+  allocation_info.allocationSize = memory_requirements.size;
+  allocation_info.memoryTypeIndex = chosen_memory_type;
+
+  VkResult allocation_result = vkAllocateMemory(
+      logical_device_, &allocation_info, nullptr, &handle.memory);
+  if (allocation_result != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to allocate buffer memory!");
+
+  vkBindBufferMemory(logical_device_, handle.buffer, handle.memory, 0);
+
+  return handle;
+}
+
+BufferHandle Graphics::CreateVertexBuffer(gsl::span<Vertex> vertices) {
+  VkDeviceSize size = sizeof(Vertex) * vertices.size();
+  BufferHandle staging_handle = CreateBuffer(
+      size,
+      VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
+      VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
+          VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
+
+  void* data;
+  vkMapMemory(logical_device_, staging_handle.memory, 0, size, 0, &data);
+  std::memcpy(data, vertices.data(), size);
+  vkUnmapMemory(logical_device_, staging_handle.memory);
+
+  BufferHandle gpu_handle = CreateBuffer(
+      size,
+      VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+      VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
+
+  VkCommandBuffer transient_commands = BeginTransientCommandBuffer();
+
+  VkBufferCopy copy_info = {};
+  copy_info.srcOffset = 0;
+  copy_info.dstOffset = 0;
+  copy_info.size = size;
+  vkCmdCopyBuffer(transient_commands, staging_handle.buffer, gpu_handle.buffer,
+                  1, &copy_info);
+
+  EndTransientCommandBuffer(transient_commands);
+
+  DestroyBuffer(staging_handle);
+
+  return gpu_handle;
+}
+
+BufferHandle Graphics::CreateIndexBuffer(gsl::span<std::uint32_t> indices) {
+  VkDeviceSize size = sizeof(std::uint32_t) * indices.size();
+  BufferHandle staging_handle =
+      CreateBuffer(size, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
+                   VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
+                       VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
+
+  void* data;
+  vkMapMemory(logical_device_, staging_handle.memory, 0, size, 0, &data);
+  std::memcpy(data, indices.data(), size);
+  vkUnmapMemory(logical_device_, staging_handle.memory);
+
+  BufferHandle gpu_handle = CreateBuffer(
+      size, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+      VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
+
+  VkCommandBuffer transient_commands = BeginTransientCommandBuffer();
+
+  VkBufferCopy copy_info = {};
+  copy_info.srcOffset = 0;
+  copy_info.dstOffset = 0;
+  copy_info.size = size;
+  vkCmdCopyBuffer(transient_commands, staging_handle.buffer, gpu_handle.buffer,
+                  1, &copy_info);
+
+  EndTransientCommandBuffer(transient_commands);
+
+  DestroyBuffer(staging_handle);
+
+  return gpu_handle;
+}
+
+void Graphics::DestroyBuffer(BufferHandle handle) {
+  vkDeviceWaitIdle(logical_device_);
+  vkDestroyBuffer(logical_device_, handle.buffer, nullptr);
+  vkFreeMemory(logical_device_, handle.memory, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Graphics::SetModelMatrix(glm::mat4 model) {
+  // for (Frame& frame : frames_)
+  vkCmdPushConstants(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, pipeline_layout_,
+                     VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, sizeof(glm::mat4), &model);
+}
+
+void Graphics::SetViewProjection(glm::mat4 view, glm::mat4 projection) {
+  UniformTransformations transformations{view, projection};
+  for (Frame& frame : frames_)
+    std::memcpy(frame.uniform_buffer_location, &transformations,
+                sizeof(UniformTransformations));
+}
+
+void Graphics::RenderBuffer(BufferHandle handle, std::uint32_t vertex_count) {
+  VkDeviceSize offset = 0;
+  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer,
+                          VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline_layout_, 0,
+                          1, &frames_[current_frame_].uniform_set, 0, nullptr);
+  vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, 0, 1,
+                         &handle.buffer, &offset);
+  vkCmdDraw(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, vertex_count, 1, 0, 0);
+}
+
+void Graphics::RenderIndexedBuffer(BufferHandle vertex_buffer,
+                                   BufferHandle index_buffer,
+                                   std::uint32_t count) {
+  VkDeviceSize offset = 0;
+  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer,
+                          VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline_layout_, 0,
+                          1, &frames_[current_frame_].uniform_set, 0, nullptr);
+  vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, 0, 1,
+                         &vertex_buffer.buffer, &offset);
+  vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer,
+                       index_buffer.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
+  vkCmdDrawIndexed(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, count, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+  SetModelMatrix(glm::mat4(1.f));
+}
+void Graphics::RenderModel(Model& model) {
+  SetTexture(model.material.texture);
+  SetModelMatrix(model.transform);
+  RenderIndexedBuffer(model.vertex_buffer, model.index_buffer,
+                      model.indices.size());
+}
+
+VkCommandBuffer Graphics::BeginTransientCommandBuffer() {
+  VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocation_info = {};
+  allocation_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+  allocation_info.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
+  allocation_info.commandPool = command_pool_;
+  allocation_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
+
+  VkCommandBuffer buffer;
+  vkAllocateCommandBuffers(logical_device_, &allocation_info, &buffer);
+
+  VkCommandBufferBeginInfo begin_info = {};
+  begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+  begin_info.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;
+  vkBeginCommandBuffer(buffer, &begin_info);
+
+  return buffer;
+}
+
+void Graphics::EndTransientCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer) {
+  vkEndCommandBuffer(command_buffer);
+
+  VkSubmitInfo submit_info = {};
+  submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+  submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
+  submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &command_buffer;
+
+  vkQueueSubmit(graphics_queue_, 1, &submit_info, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
+  vkQueueWaitIdle(graphics_queue_);
+  vkFreeCommandBuffers(logical_device_, command_pool_, 1, &command_buffer);
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateUniformBuffers() {
+  VkDeviceSize buffer_size = sizeof(UniformTransformations);
+  for (Frame& frame : frames_) {
+    frame.uniform_buffer =
+        CreateBuffer(buffer_size, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
+                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
+                         VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
+
+    vkMapMemory(logical_device_, frame.uniform_buffer.memory, 0, buffer_size, 0,
+                &frame.uniform_buffer_location);
+  }
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateDescriptorSetLayouts() {
+  VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uniform_layout_binding = {};
+  uniform_layout_binding.binding = 0;
+  uniform_layout_binding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+  uniform_layout_binding.descriptorCount = 1;
+  uniform_layout_binding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS;
+
+  VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo uniform_layout_info = {};
+  uniform_layout_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
+  uniform_layout_info.bindingCount = 1;
+  uniform_layout_info.pBindings = &uniform_layout_binding;
+
+  if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(logical_device_, &uniform_layout_info,
+                                  nullptr,
+                                  &uniform_set_layout_) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+
+  VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding texture_layout_binding = {};
+  texture_layout_binding.binding = 0;
+  texture_layout_binding.descriptorType =
+      VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+  texture_layout_binding.descriptorCount = 1;
+  texture_layout_binding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+
+  VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo texture_layout_info = {};
+  texture_layout_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
+  texture_layout_info.bindingCount = 1;
+  texture_layout_info.pBindings = &texture_layout_binding;
+
+  if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(logical_device_, &texture_layout_info,
+                                  nullptr,
+                                  &texture_set_layout_) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateDescriptorPools() {
+  VkDescriptorPoolSize uniform_pool_size = {};
+  uniform_pool_size.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+  uniform_pool_size.descriptorCount = MAX_BUFFERED_FRAMES;
+
+  VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo uniform_create_info = {};
+  uniform_create_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
+  uniform_create_info.poolSizeCount = 1;
+  uniform_create_info.pPoolSizes = &uniform_pool_size;
+  uniform_create_info.maxSets = MAX_BUFFERED_FRAMES;
+
+  if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(logical_device_, &uniform_create_info, nullptr,
+                             &uniform_pool_) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+
+  VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties = {};
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physical_device_, &properties);
+
+  VkDescriptorPoolSize texture_pool_size = {};
+  texture_pool_size.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+  texture_pool_size.descriptorCount =
+      properties.limits.maxSamplerAllocationCount;
+
+  VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo texture_create_info = {};
+  texture_create_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
+  texture_create_info.poolSizeCount = 1;
+  texture_create_info.pPoolSizes = &texture_pool_size;
+  texture_create_info.maxSets = properties.limits.maxSamplerAllocationCount;
+  texture_create_info.flags = VK_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BIT;
+
+  if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(logical_device_, &texture_create_info, nullptr,
+                             &texture_pool_) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateDescriptorSets() {
+  for (Frame& frame : frames_) {
+    VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo set_info = {};
+    set_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+    set_info.descriptorPool = uniform_pool_;
+    set_info.descriptorSetCount = 1;
+    set_info.pSetLayouts = &uniform_set_layout_;
+
+    VkResult result = vkAllocateDescriptorSets(logical_device_, &set_info,
+                                               &frame.uniform_set);
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+    VkDescriptorBufferInfo buffer_info = {};
+    buffer_info.buffer = frame.uniform_buffer.buffer;
+    buffer_info.offset = 0;
+    buffer_info.range = sizeof(UniformTransformations);
+
+    VkWriteDescriptorSet descriptor_write = {};
+    descriptor_write.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
+    descriptor_write.dstSet = frame.uniform_set;
+    descriptor_write.dstBinding = 0;
+    descriptor_write.dstArrayElement = 0;
+    descriptor_write.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+    descriptor_write.descriptorCount = 1;
+    descriptor_write.pBufferInfo = &buffer_info;
+
+    vkUpdateDescriptorSets(logical_device_, 1, &descriptor_write, 0, nullptr);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/class.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+Graphics::Graphics(gsl::not_null<Window*> window) : window_(window) {
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+  validation_enabled_ = true;
+#endif
+  InitializeVulkan();
+}
+
+Graphics::~Graphics() {
+  if (logical_device_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+    vkDeviceWaitIdle(logical_device_);
+    CleanupSwapChain();
+    DestroyTexture(depth_texture_);
+
+    if (texture_pool_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyDescriptorPool(logical_device_, texture_pool_, nullptr);
+
+    if (texture_set_layout_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(logical_device_, texture_set_layout_,
+                                   nullptr);
+
+    if (texture_sampler_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroySampler(logical_device_, texture_sampler_, nullptr);
+
+    if (uniform_pool_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyDescriptorPool(logical_device_, uniform_pool_, nullptr);
+
+    for (Frame& frame : frames_) {
+      DestroyBuffer(frame.uniform_buffer);
+
+      if (frame.image_available_signal != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+        vkDestroySemaphore(logical_device_, frame.image_available_signal,
+                           nullptr);
+
+      if (frame.render_finished_signal != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+        vkDestroySemaphore(logical_device_, frame.render_finished_signal,
+                           nullptr);
+
+      if (frame.still_rendering_fence != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+        vkDestroyFence(logical_device_, frame.still_rendering_fence, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    if (uniform_set_layout_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(logical_device_, uniform_set_layout_,
+                                   nullptr);
+
+    if (command_pool_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyCommandPool(logical_device_, command_pool_, nullptr);
+
+    if (logical_device_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyPipeline(logical_device_, pipeline_, nullptr);
+
+    if (pipeline_layout_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyPipelineLayout(logical_device_, pipeline_layout_, nullptr);
+
+    if (render_pass_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyRenderPass(logical_device_, render_pass_, nullptr);
+
+    vkDestroyDevice(logical_device_, nullptr);
+  }
+  if (instance_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+    if (surface_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance_, surface_, nullptr);
+
+    if (debug_messenger_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+      vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance_, debug_messenger_, nullptr);
+
+    vkDestroyInstance(instance_, nullptr);
+  }
+}
+
+void Graphics::InitializeVulkan() {
+  CreateInstance();
+  SetupDebugMessenger();
+  CreateSurface();
+  PickPhysicalDevice();
+  CreateLogicalDeviceAndQueues();
+  CreateSwapChain();
+  CreateImageViews();
+  CreateRenderPass();
+  CreateDescriptorSetLayouts();
+  CreateGraphicsPipeline();
+  CreateDepthResources();
+  CreateFramebuffers();
+  CreateCommandPool();
+  CreateCommandBuffer();
+  CreateSignals();
+  CreateUniformBuffers();
+  CreateDescriptorPools();
+  CreateDescriptorSets();
+  CreateTextureSampler();
+  TransitionImageLayout(depth_texture_.image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+                        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL);
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/coordinate.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#include "vulkan/coordinate.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+Coord Coord::operator+(const Coord& other) const {
+  Coord result;
+  result.seg.x = this->seg.x + other.seg.x;
+  result.seg.y = this->seg.y + other.seg.y;
+  result.seg.z = this->seg.z + other.seg.z;
+
+  if (this->pos.x + other.pos.x > border) {
+    result.seg.x += 1;
+    result.pos.x += glm::mod(this->pos.x, border);
+    result.pos.x += glm::mod(other.pos.x, border); 
+  } else {
+    result.pos.x = this->pos.x + other.pos.x;
+  }
+  if (this->pos.y + other.pos.y > border) {
+    result.seg.y += 1;
+    result.pos.y += glm::mod(this->pos.y, border);
+    result.pos.y += glm::mod(other.pos.y, border);
+  } else {
+    result.pos.y = this->pos.y + other.pos.y;
+  }
+  if (this->pos.z + other.pos.z > border) {
+    result.seg.z += 1;
+    result.pos.z += glm::mod(this->pos.z, border);
+    result.pos.z += glm::mod(other.pos.z, border);
+  } else {
+    result.pos.z = this->pos.z + other.pos.z;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+Coord Coord::operator-(const Coord& other) const {
+  Coord result;
+  result.seg.x = this->seg.x - other.seg.x;
+  result.seg.y = this->seg.y - other.seg.y;
+  result.seg.z = this->seg.z - other.seg.z;
+
+  if (this->pos.x - other.pos.x < -border) {
+    result.seg.x -= 1;
+    result.pos.x -= glm::mod(this->pos.x, border);
+    result.pos.x -= glm::mod(other.pos.x, border);
+  } else {
+    result.pos.x = this->pos.x - other.pos.x;
+  }
+  if (this->pos.y - other.pos.y < -border) {
+    result.seg.y -= 1;
+    result.pos.y -= glm::mod(this->pos.y, border);
+    result.pos.y -= glm::mod(other.pos.y, border);
+  } else {
+    result.pos.y = this->pos.y - other.pos.y;
+  }
+  if (this->pos.z - other.pos.z < -border) {
+    result.seg.z -= 1;
+    result.pos.z -= glm::mod(this->pos.z, border);
+    result.pos.z -= glm::mod(other.pos.z, border);
+  } else {
+    result.pos.z = this->pos.z - other.pos.z;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/devices_and_queues.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+#include <set>
+
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+Graphics::QueueFamilyIndices Graphics::FindQueueFamilies(
+    VkPhysicalDevice device) {
+  std::uint32_t queue_familiy_count = 0;
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queue_familiy_count,
+                                           nullptr);
+  std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> families(queue_familiy_count);
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queue_familiy_count,
+                                           families.data());
+
+  auto graphics_family_it =
+      std::find_if(families.begin(), families.end(),
+                   [](const VkQueueFamilyProperties& props) {
+                     return props.queueFlags &
+                            (VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT | VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT);
+                   });
+
+  QueueFamilyIndices result;
+  result.graphics_family = graphics_family_it - families.begin();
+
+  for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < families.size(); i++) {
+    VkBool32 has_presentation_support = false;
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface_,
+                                         &has_presentation_support);
+    if (has_presentation_support) {
+      result.presentation_family = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+Graphics::SwapChainProperties Graphics::GetSwapChainProperties(
+    VkPhysicalDevice device) {
+  SwapChainProperties properties;
+
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface_,
+                                            &properties.capabilities);
+
+  std::uint32_t format_count;
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface_, &format_count,
+                                       nullptr);
+  properties.formats.resize(format_count);
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface_, &format_count,
+                                       properties.formats.data());
+
+  std::uint32_t modes_count;
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface_, &modes_count,
+                                            nullptr);
+  properties.present_modes.resize(modes_count);
+  vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface_, &modes_count,
+                                            properties.present_modes.data());
+
+  return properties;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> Graphics::GetDeviceAvailableExtensions(
+    VkPhysicalDevice device) {
+  std::uint32_t available_extentions_count;
+  vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr,
+                                       &available_extentions_count, nullptr);
+  std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> available_extentions(
+      available_extentions_count);
+  vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr,
+                                       &available_extentions_count,
+                                       available_extentions.data());
+  return available_extentions;
+}
+
+bool Graphics::AreAllDeviceExtensionsSupported(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
+  std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> available_extentions =
+      GetDeviceAvailableExtensions(device);
+  return std::all_of(
+      required_device_extentions_.begin(), required_device_extentions_.end(),
+      std::bind_front(IsExtensionSupported, available_extentions));
+}
+
+bool Graphics::IsDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
+  QueueFamilyIndices families = FindQueueFamilies(device);
+  return families.IsValid() && AreAllDeviceExtensionsSupported(device) &&
+         GetSwapChainProperties(device).IsValid();
+}
+
+void Graphics::PickPhysicalDevice() {
+  std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices = GetAvailableDevices();
+
+  std::erase_if(
+      devices, std::not_fn(std::bind_front(&Graphics::IsDeviceSuitable, this)));
+
+  if (devices.empty()) {
+    spdlog::error("No physical devices that match the criteria");
+    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+
+  physical_device_ = devices[0];
+}
+
+std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> Graphics::GetAvailableDevices() {
+  std::uint32_t device_count;
+  vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance_, &device_count, nullptr);
+
+  if (device_count == 0) return {};
+
+  std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(device_count);
+  vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance_, &device_count, devices.data());
+
+  return devices;
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateLogicalDeviceAndQueues() {
+  QueueFamilyIndices picked_device_families =
+      FindQueueFamilies(physical_device_);
+
+  if (!picked_device_families.IsValid()) {
+    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+
+  std::set<std::uint32_t> unique_queue_families = {
+      picked_device_families.graphics_family.value(),
+      picked_device_families.presentation_family.value(),
+  };
+
+  std::float_t queue_priority = 1.f;
+
+  std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queue_create_infos;
+  for (std::uint32_t unique_queue_family : unique_queue_families) {
+    VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queue_info = {};
+    queue_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
+    queue_info.queueFamilyIndex = unique_queue_family;
+    queue_info.queueCount = 1;
+    queue_info.pQueuePriorities = &queue_priority;
+    queue_create_infos.push_back(queue_info);
+  }
+
+  VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures required_features = {};
+  required_features.depthBounds = true;
+  required_features.depthClamp = true;
+
+  VkDeviceCreateInfo device_info = {};
+  device_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
+  device_info.queueCreateInfoCount = queue_create_infos.size();
+  device_info.pQueueCreateInfos = queue_create_infos.data();
+  device_info.pEnabledFeatures = &required_features;
+  device_info.enabledExtensionCount = required_device_extentions_.size();
+  device_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames = required_device_extentions_.data();
+
+  VkResult result =
+      vkCreateDevice(physical_device_, &device_info, nullptr, &logical_device_);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+  vkGetDeviceQueue(logical_device_,
+                   picked_device_families.graphics_family.value(), 0,
+                   &graphics_queue_);
+  vkGetDeviceQueue(logical_device_,
+                   picked_device_families.presentation_family.value(), 0,
+                   &present_queue_);
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/drawing.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+void Graphics::CreateFramebuffers() {
+  swap_chain_framebuffers_.resize(swap_chain_image_views_.size());
+
+  for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < swap_chain_image_views_.size(); i++) {
+    std::array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = {swap_chain_image_views_[i],
+                                              depth_texture_.image_view};
+
+    VkFramebufferCreateInfo info = {};
+    info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
+    info.renderPass = render_pass_;
+    info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
+    info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
+    info.width = extent_.width;
+    info.height = extent_.height;
+    info.layers = 1;
+
+    VkResult result = vkCreateFramebuffer(logical_device_, &info, nullptr,
+                                          &swap_chain_framebuffers_[i]);
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateCommandPool() {
+  QueueFamilyIndices indices = FindQueueFamilies(physical_device_);
+  VkCommandPoolCreateInfo pool_info = {};
+  pool_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
+  pool_info.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
+  pool_info.queueFamilyIndex = indices.graphics_family.value();
+
+  VkResult result =
+      vkCreateCommandPool(logical_device_, &pool_info, nullptr, &command_pool_);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateCommandBuffer() {
+  VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo info = {};
+  info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+  info.commandPool = command_pool_;
+  info.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
+  info.commandBufferCount = 1;
+
+  for (Frame& frame : frames_) {
+    VkResult result =
+        vkAllocateCommandBuffers(logical_device_, &info, &frame.command_buffer);
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+void Graphics::BeginCommands() {
+  vkResetCommandBuffer(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, 0);
+
+  VkCommandBufferBeginInfo begin_info = {};
+  begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+
+  VkResult result = vkBeginCommandBuffer(
+      frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, &begin_info);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to begin command buffer!");
+
+  std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clear_values;
+  clear_values[0].color = {{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f}};
+  clear_values[1].depthStencil = {1.f, 0};
+
+  VkRenderPassBeginInfo render_pass_begin_info = {};
+  render_pass_begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
+  render_pass_begin_info.renderPass = render_pass_;
+  render_pass_begin_info.framebuffer =
+      swap_chain_framebuffers_[current_image_index_];
+  render_pass_begin_info.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
+  render_pass_begin_info.renderArea.extent = extent_;
+  render_pass_begin_info.clearValueCount = clear_values.size();
+  render_pass_begin_info.pClearValues = clear_values.data();
+
+  vkCmdBeginRenderPass(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer,
+                       &render_pass_begin_info,
+                       VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+  vkCmdBindPipeline(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer,
+                    VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+                    pipeline_);
+  VkViewport viewport = GetViewport();
+  VkRect2D scissor = GetScissor();
+
+  vkCmdSetViewport(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, 0, 1, &viewport);
+  vkCmdSetScissor(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer, 0, 1, &scissor);
+}
+
+void Graphics::EndCommands() {
+  vkCmdEndRenderPass(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer);
+  VkResult result = vkEndCommandBuffer(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to record command buffer!");
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateSignals() {
+  for (Frame& frame : frames_) {
+    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semafore_info = {};
+    semafore_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
+
+    if (vkCreateSemaphore(logical_device_, &semafore_info, nullptr,
+                          &frame.image_available_signal) !=
+        VK_SUCCESS)
+      std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    if (vkCreateSemaphore(logical_device_, &semafore_info, nullptr,
+                          &frame.render_finished_signal) !=
+        VK_SUCCESS)
+      std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+    VkFenceCreateInfo fence_info = {};
+    fence_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
+    fence_info.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;
+
+    if (vkCreateFence(logical_device_, &fence_info, nullptr,
+                      &frame.still_rendering_fence) !=
+        VK_SUCCESS)
+      std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+bool Graphics::BeginFrame() {
+  vkWaitForFences(logical_device_, 1,
+                  &frames_[current_frame_].still_rendering_fence, VK_TRUE,
+                  UINT64_MAX);
+  VkResult image_acquire_result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(logical_device_, swap_chain_, UINT64_MAX,
+                            frames_[current_frame_].image_available_signal,
+      VK_NULL_HANDLE, &current_image_index_);
+
+  if (image_acquire_result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
+    RecreateSwapChain();
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (image_acquire_result != VK_SUCCESS &&
+      image_acquire_result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR)
+    throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't acquire render image!");
+
+  vkResetFences(logical_device_, 1,
+                &frames_[current_frame_].still_rendering_fence);
+
+  BeginCommands();
+  SetModelMatrix(glm::mat4(1.f));
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void veng::Graphics::EndFrame() {
+  EndCommands();
+  VkSubmitInfo submit_info = {};
+  submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+
+  VkPipelineStageFlags wait_stage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
+  submit_info.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
+  submit_info.pWaitSemaphores = &frames_[current_frame_].image_available_signal;
+  submit_info.pWaitDstStageMask = &wait_stage;
+  submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
+  submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer;
+  submit_info.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
+  submit_info.pSignalSemaphores =
+      &frames_[current_frame_].render_finished_signal;
+
+  VkResult submit_result =
+      vkQueueSubmit(graphics_queue_, 1, &submit_info,
+                    frames_[current_frame_].still_rendering_fence);
+  if (submit_result != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw commands!");
+
+  VkPresentInfoKHR present_info = {};
+  present_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
+  present_info.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
+  present_info.pWaitSemaphores =
+      &frames_[current_frame_].render_finished_signal;
+  present_info.swapchainCount = 1;
+  present_info.pSwapchains = &swap_chain_;
+  present_info.pImageIndices = &current_image_index_;
+
+  VkResult result = vkQueuePresentKHR(present_queue_, &present_info);
+  if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR)
+    RecreateSwapChain();
+  else if (result != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to present swap chain image!");
+
+  current_frame_ = (current_frame_++) % MAX_BUFFERED_FRAMES;
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/graphics.cpp

@@ -8,168 +8,4 @@
 
 namespace veng {
 
-static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL
-ValidationCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
-                   VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageTypes,
-                   const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
-                   void* pUserData) {
-  if (messageSeverity >= VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT) {
-    std::cerr << "Validation Error : " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;
-  } else {
-    std::cout << "Validation Message : " << pCallbackData->pMessage
-              << std::endl;
-  }
-  return VK_FALSE;
-}
-
-static VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT GetCreateMessengerInfo() {
-  VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT creation_info = {};
-  creation_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
-  creation_info.messageSeverity =
-      VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
-      VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT |
-      VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT;
-  creation_info.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
-                              VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT;
-  creation_info.pfnUserCallback = ValidationCallback;
-  creation_info.pUserData = nullptr;
-
-  return creation_info;
-}
-
-Graphics::Graphics(gsl::not_null<Window*> window) : window_(window) {
-#if !defined(NDEBUG)
-  validation_enabled_ = true;
-#endif
-  InitializeVulkan();
-}
-
-Graphics::~Graphics() {
-  if (instance_ != nullptr) vkDestroyInstance(instance_, nullptr);
-}
-
-void Graphics::InitializeVulkan() { CreateInstance(); }
-
-void Graphics::CreateInstance() {
-  std::array<gsl::czstring, 1> validation_layers = {
-      "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"};
-
-  if (!AreAllLayersSupported(validation_layers)) validation_enabled_ = false;
-
-  std::vector<gsl::czstring> required_extentions =
-      GetRequiredInstanceExtentions();
-
-  VkApplicationInfo app_info = {};
-  app_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
-  app_info.pNext = nullptr;
-  app_info.pApplicationName = "Udemy Course";
-  app_info.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_API_VERSION(0, 0, 0, 0);
-  app_info.pEngineName = "VEng";
-  app_info.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_API_VERSION(0, 1, 0, 0);
-  app_info.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;
-
-  VkInstanceCreateInfo instance_creation_info = {};
-  instance_creation_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
-  instance_creation_info.pNext = nullptr;
-  instance_creation_info.pApplicationInfo = &app_info;
-  instance_creation_info.enabledExtensionCount = required_extentions.size();
-  instance_creation_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames = required_extentions.data();
-
-  VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT messenger_create_info =
-      GetCreateMessengerInfo();
-  if (validation_enabled_) {
-    instance_creation_info.pNext = &messenger_create_info;
-    instance_creation_info.enabledLayerCount = validation_layers.size();
-    instance_creation_info.ppEnabledLayerNames = validation_layers.data();
-  } else {
-    instance_creation_info.enabledLayerCount = 0;
-    instance_creation_info.ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr;
-  }
-
-  VkResult result =
-      vkCreateInstance(&instance_creation_info, nullptr, &instance_);
-  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-}
-
-gsl::span<gsl::czstring> Graphics::GetSuggestedInstanceExtentions() {
-  std::uint32_t glfw_extention_count = 0;
-  gsl::czstring* glfw_extentions =
-      glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfw_extention_count);
-  return {glfw_extentions, glfw_extention_count};
-}
-
-std::vector<gsl::czstring> Graphics::GetRequiredInstanceExtentions() {
-  gsl::span<gsl::czstring> suggested_extentions =
-      GetSuggestedInstanceExtentions();
-  std::vector<gsl::czstring> required_extentions(suggested_extentions.size());
-  std::copy(suggested_extentions.begin(), suggested_extentions.end(),
-            required_extentions.begin());
-
-  if (validation_enabled_)
-    required_extentions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
-
-  if (!AreAllExtensionsSupported(suggested_extentions)) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-
-  return required_extentions;
-}
-
-std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> Graphics::GetSupprotedInstanceExtensions() {
-  std::uint32_t count;
-  vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &count, nullptr);
-
-  if (count == 0) return {};
-
-  std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> properties(count);
-  vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &count, properties.data());
-  return properties;
-}
-
-bool ExtentionMatchesName(gsl::czstring name,
-                          const VkExtensionProperties& properties) {
-  return streq(properties.extensionName, name);
-}
-
-bool IsExtensionSupported(gsl::span<VkExtensionProperties> extensions,
-                          gsl::czstring name) {
-  return std::any_of(extensions.begin(), extensions.end(),
-                     std::bind_front(ExtentionMatchesName, name));
-}
-
-bool Graphics::AreAllExtensionsSupported(gsl::span<gsl::czstring> extensions) {
-  std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> supported_extensions =
-      GetSupprotedInstanceExtensions();
-
-  return std::all_of(
-      extensions.begin(), extensions.end(),
-      std::bind_front(IsExtensionSupported, supported_extensions));
-}
-
-std::vector<VkLayerProperties> Graphics::GetSupprotedValidationLayers() {
-  std::uint32_t count;
-  vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&count, nullptr);
-
-  if (count == 0) return {};
-
-  std::vector<VkLayerProperties> properties(count);
-  vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&count, properties.data());
-  return properties;
-}
-
-bool LayerMatchesName(gsl::czstring name, const VkLayerProperties& properties) {
-  return streq(properties.layerName, name);
-}
-
-bool IsLayerSupported(gsl::span<VkLayerProperties> layers, gsl::czstring name) {
-  return std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
-                     std::bind_front(LayerMatchesName, name));
-}
-
-bool Graphics::AreAllLayersSupported(gsl::span<gsl::czstring> layers) {
-  std::vector<VkLayerProperties> supported_layers =
-      GetSupprotedValidationLayers();
-
-  return std::all_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
-                     std::bind_front(IsLayerSupported, supported_layers));
-}
-
 }  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/graphics_pipeline.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+VkShaderModule Graphics::CreateShaderModule(gsl::span<std::uint8_t> buffer) {
+  if (buffer.empty()) return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+  VkShaderModuleCreateInfo info = {};
+  info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
+  info.codeSize = buffer.size();
+  info.pCode = reinterpret_cast<std::uint32_t*>(buffer.data());
+
+  VkShaderModule shader_module;
+  VkResult result =
+      vkCreateShaderModule(logical_device_, &info, nullptr, &shader_module);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+  return shader_module;
+}
+
+VkViewport Graphics::GetViewport() {
+  VkViewport viewport = {};
+  viewport.x = 0.f;
+  viewport.y = 0.f;
+  viewport.width = static_cast<std::float_t>(extent_.width);
+  viewport.height = static_cast<std::float_t>(extent_.height);
+  viewport.minDepth = 0.f;
+  viewport.maxDepth = 1.f;
+
+  return viewport;
+}
+
+VkRect2D Graphics::GetScissor() {
+  VkRect2D scissor = {};
+  scissor.offset = {0, 0};
+  scissor.extent = extent_;
+
+  return scissor;
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateGraphicsPipeline() {
+  std::vector<std::uint8_t> basic_vertex_data = ReadFile("./basic.vert.spv");
+  VkShaderModule vertex_shader = CreateShaderModule(basic_vertex_data);
+  gsl::final_action _destroy_vertex([this, vertex_shader]() {
+    vkDestroyShaderModule(logical_device_, vertex_shader, nullptr);
+  });
+
+  std::vector<std::uint8_t> basic_fragment_data = ReadFile("./basic.frag.spv");
+  VkShaderModule fragment_shader = CreateShaderModule(basic_fragment_data);
+  gsl::final_action _destroy_fragment([this, fragment_shader]() {
+    vkDestroyShaderModule(logical_device_, fragment_shader, nullptr);
+  });
+
+  if (vertex_shader == VK_NULL_HANDLE || fragment_shader == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+  VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertex_stage_info = {};
+  vertex_stage_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
+  vertex_stage_info.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
+  vertex_stage_info.module = vertex_shader;
+  vertex_stage_info.pName = "main";
+
+  VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragment_stage_info = {};
+  fragment_stage_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
+  fragment_stage_info.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+  fragment_stage_info.module = fragment_shader;
+  fragment_stage_info.pName = "main";
+
+  std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> stage_infos = {
+      vertex_stage_info, fragment_stage_info};
+
+  std::array<VkDynamicState, 2> dynamic_states = {VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
+                                                  VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR};
+
+  VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamic_state_info = {};
+  dynamic_state_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+  dynamic_state_info.dynamicStateCount = dynamic_states.size();
+  dynamic_state_info.pDynamicStates = dynamic_states.data();
+
+  VkViewport viewport = GetViewport();
+
+  VkRect2D scissor = GetScissor();
+
+  VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewport_info = {};
+  viewport_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+  viewport_info.viewportCount = 1;
+  viewport_info.pViewports = &viewport;
+  viewport_info.scissorCount = 1;
+  viewport_info.pScissors = &scissor;
+
+  auto vertex_binding_description = Vertex::GetBindingDescription();
+  auto vertex_attribute_descriptions = Vertex::GetAttributeDescriptions();
+
+  VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertex_input_info = {};
+  vertex_input_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+  vertex_input_info.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
+  vertex_input_info.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &vertex_binding_description;
+  vertex_input_info.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount =
+      vertex_attribute_descriptions.size();
+  vertex_input_info.pVertexAttributeDescriptions =
+      vertex_attribute_descriptions.data();
+
+  VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo input_assembly_info = {};
+  input_assembly_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+  input_assembly_info.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
+  input_assembly_info.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;
+
+  VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterization_state_info = {};
+  rasterization_state_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+  rasterization_state_info.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
+  rasterization_state_info.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
+  rasterization_state_info.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
+  rasterization_state_info.lineWidth = 1.f;
+  rasterization_state_info.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
+  rasterization_state_info.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
+  rasterization_state_info.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
+
+  VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling_info = {};
+  multisampling_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+  multisampling_info.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
+  multisampling_info.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+
+  VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState color_blend_attachment = {};
+  color_blend_attachment.colorWriteMask =
+      VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
+      VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
+  color_blend_attachment.blendEnable = VK_TRUE;
+  color_blend_attachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA;
+  color_blend_attachment.dstColorBlendFactor =
+      VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
+  color_blend_attachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+  color_blend_attachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+  color_blend_attachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
+  color_blend_attachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+
+  VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo color_blending_info = {};
+  color_blending_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+  color_blending_info.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
+  color_blending_info.attachmentCount = 1;
+  color_blending_info.pAttachments = &color_blend_attachment;
+
+  VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depth_stencil_info = {};
+  depth_stencil_info.sType =
+      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+  depth_stencil_info.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
+  depth_stencil_info.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
+  depth_stencil_info.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
+  depth_stencil_info.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
+  depth_stencil_info.minDepthBounds = 0.f;
+  depth_stencil_info.maxDepthBounds = 1.f;
+  depth_stencil_info.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
+
+  VkPushConstantRange model_matrix_range = {};
+  model_matrix_range.offset = 0;
+  model_matrix_range.size = sizeof(glm::mat4);
+  model_matrix_range.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
+
+  std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayout, 2> set_layouts = {uniform_set_layout_,
+                                                      texture_set_layout_};
+
+  VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo layout_info = {};
+  layout_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
+  layout_info.pushConstantRangeCount = 1;
+  layout_info.pPushConstantRanges = &model_matrix_range;
+  layout_info.setLayoutCount = set_layouts.size();
+  layout_info.pSetLayouts = set_layouts.data();
+
+  VkResult layout_result = vkCreatePipelineLayout(logical_device_, &layout_info,
+                                                  nullptr, &pipeline_layout_);
+  if (layout_result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+  VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipeline_info = {};
+  pipeline_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
+  pipeline_info.stageCount = stage_infos.size();
+  pipeline_info.pStages = stage_infos.data();
+  pipeline_info.pVertexInputState = &vertex_input_info;
+  pipeline_info.pInputAssemblyState = &input_assembly_info;
+  pipeline_info.pViewportState = &viewport_info;
+  pipeline_info.pRasterizationState = &rasterization_state_info;
+  pipeline_info.pMultisampleState = &multisampling_info;
+  pipeline_info.pDepthStencilState = &depth_stencil_info;
+  pipeline_info.pColorBlendState = &color_blending_info;
+  pipeline_info.pDynamicState = &dynamic_state_info;
+  pipeline_info.layout = pipeline_layout_;
+  pipeline_info.renderPass = render_pass_;
+  pipeline_info.subpass = 0;
+
+  VkResult pipline_result = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(
+      logical_device_, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipeline_info, nullptr, &pipeline_);
+  if (pipline_result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateRenderPass() {
+  VkAttachmentDescription color_attachment = {};
+  color_attachment.format = surface_format_.format;
+  color_attachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+  color_attachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+  color_attachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+  color_attachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  color_attachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  color_attachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+  color_attachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
+
+  VkAttachmentReference color_attachment_ref = {};
+  color_attachment_ref.attachment = 0;
+  color_attachment_ref.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+  VkAttachmentDescription depth_attachment = {};
+  depth_attachment.format = VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT;
+  depth_attachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+  depth_attachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+  depth_attachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  depth_attachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  depth_attachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  depth_attachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+  depth_attachment.finalLayout =
+      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+  VkAttachmentReference depth_attachment_ref = {};
+  depth_attachment_ref.attachment = 1;
+  depth_attachment_ref.layout =
+      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+  VkSubpassDescription main_subpass = {};
+  main_subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+  main_subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
+  main_subpass.pColorAttachments = &color_attachment_ref;
+  main_subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depth_attachment_ref;
+
+  VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
+  dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+  dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
+  dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
+                            VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+  dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
+  dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
+                            VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+  dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                             VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+
+  std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = {color_attachment,
+                                                        depth_attachment};
+
+  VkRenderPassCreateInfo render_pass_info = {};
+  render_pass_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
+  render_pass_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
+  render_pass_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
+  render_pass_info.subpassCount = 1;
+  render_pass_info.pSubpasses = &main_subpass;
+  render_pass_info.dependencyCount = 1;
+  render_pass_info.pDependencies = &dependency;
+
+  VkResult result = vkCreateRenderPass(logical_device_, &render_pass_info,
+                                       nullptr, &render_pass_);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+void veng::Graphics::RecreateSwapChain() {
+  glm::ivec2 size = window_->GetFramebufferSize();
+  while (size.x == 0 || size.y == 0) {
+    size = window_->GetFramebufferSize();
+    // glfwWaitEvents();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  vkDeviceWaitIdle(logical_device_);
+  CleanupSwapChain();
+
+  CreateSwapChain();
+  CreateImageViews();
+  CreateDepthResources();
+  CreateFramebuffers();
+}
+
+void veng::Graphics::CleanupSwapChain() {
+  if (logical_device_ == VK_NULL_HANDLE) return;
+
+  for (VkFramebuffer framebuffer : swap_chain_framebuffers_)
+    vkDestroyFramebuffer(logical_device_, framebuffer, nullptr);
+
+  for (VkImageView image_view : swap_chain_image_views_)
+    vkDestroyImageView(logical_device_, image_view, nullptr);
+
+  if (swap_chain_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    vkDestroySwapchainKHR(logical_device_, swap_chain_, nullptr);
+
+  vkDeviceWaitIdle(logical_device_);
+  vkDestroyImageView(logical_device_, depth_texture_.image_view, nullptr);
+  depth_texture_.image_view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  vkDestroyImage(logical_device_, depth_texture_.image, nullptr);
+  depth_texture_.image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+  vkFreeMemory(logical_device_, depth_texture_.memory, nullptr);
+  depth_texture_.memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/instance_and_extensions.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+gsl::span<gsl::czstring> Graphics::GetSuggestedInstanceExtentions() {
+  std::uint32_t glfw_extention_count = 0;
+  gsl::czstring* glfw_extentions =
+      glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfw_extention_count);
+  return {glfw_extentions, glfw_extention_count};
+}
+
+std::vector<gsl::czstring> Graphics::GetRequiredInstanceExtentions() {
+  gsl::span<gsl::czstring> suggested_extentions =
+      GetSuggestedInstanceExtentions();
+  std::vector<gsl::czstring> required_extentions(suggested_extentions.size());
+  std::copy(suggested_extentions.begin(), suggested_extentions.end(),
+            required_extentions.begin());
+
+  if (validation_enabled_)
+    required_extentions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
+
+  if (!AreAllExtensionsSupported(suggested_extentions)) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+  return required_extentions;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> Graphics::GetSupprotedInstanceExtensions() {
+  std::uint32_t count;
+  vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &count, nullptr);
+
+  if (count == 0) return {};
+
+  std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> properties(count);
+  vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &count, properties.data());
+  return properties;
+}
+
+bool ExtentionMatchesName(gsl::czstring name,
+                          const VkExtensionProperties& properties) {
+  return streq(properties.extensionName, name);
+}
+
+bool IsExtensionSupported(gsl::span<VkExtensionProperties> extensions,
+                          gsl::czstring name) {
+  return std::any_of(extensions.begin(), extensions.end(),
+                     std::bind_front(ExtentionMatchesName, name));
+}
+
+bool Graphics::AreAllExtensionsSupported(gsl::span<gsl::czstring> extensions) {
+  std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> supported_extensions =
+      GetSupprotedInstanceExtensions();
+
+  return std::all_of(
+      extensions.begin(), extensions.end(),
+      std::bind_front(IsExtensionSupported, supported_extensions));
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateInstance() {
+  std::array<gsl::czstring, 1> validation_layers = {
+      "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"};
+
+  if (!AreAllLayersSupported(validation_layers)) validation_enabled_ = false;
+
+  std::vector<gsl::czstring> required_extentions =
+      GetRequiredInstanceExtentions();
+
+  VkApplicationInfo app_info = {};
+  app_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
+  app_info.pNext = nullptr;
+  app_info.pApplicationName = "Udemy Course";
+  app_info.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_API_VERSION(0, 0, 0, 0);
+  app_info.pEngineName = "VEng";
+  app_info.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_API_VERSION(0, 1, 0, 0);
+  app_info.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;
+
+  VkInstanceCreateInfo instance_creation_info = {};
+  instance_creation_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
+  instance_creation_info.pNext = nullptr;
+  instance_creation_info.pApplicationInfo = &app_info;
+  instance_creation_info.enabledExtensionCount = required_extentions.size();
+  instance_creation_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames = required_extentions.data();
+
+  VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT messenger_create_info =
+      GetCreateMessengerInfo();
+  if (validation_enabled_) {
+    instance_creation_info.pNext = &messenger_create_info;
+    instance_creation_info.enabledLayerCount = validation_layers.size();
+    instance_creation_info.ppEnabledLayerNames = validation_layers.data();
+  } else {
+    instance_creation_info.enabledLayerCount = 0;
+    instance_creation_info.ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  VkResult result =
+      vkCreateInstance(&instance_creation_info, nullptr, &instance_);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/presentation.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+
+#include "precomp.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+void Graphics::CreateSurface() {
+  VkResult result = glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance_, window_->GetHandle(),
+                                            nullptr, &surface_);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+bool IsRgbaTypeFormat(const VkSurfaceFormatKHR& format_properties) {
+  return format_properties.format == VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB ||
+         format_properties.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB;
+}
+
+bool IsSrgbColorSpace(const VkSurfaceFormatKHR& format_properties) {
+  return format_properties.colorSpace == VK_COLORSPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR;
+}
+
+bool IsCorrectFormat(const VkSurfaceFormatKHR& format_properties) {
+  return IsSrgbColorSpace(format_properties) &&
+         IsRgbaTypeFormat(format_properties);
+}
+
+VkSurfaceFormatKHR Graphics::ChooseSwapSurfaceFormat(
+    gsl::span<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats) {
+  if (formats.size() == 1 && formats[0].format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
+    return {VkFormat::VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
+            VkColorSpaceKHR::VK_COLORSPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR};
+  }
+
+  auto it = std::find_if(formats.begin(), formats.end(), IsCorrectFormat);
+  if (it != formats.end()) return *it;
+
+  for (const VkSurfaceFormatKHR& format : formats) {
+    if (format.format == VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB &&
+        format.colorSpace == VK_COLORSPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
+      return format;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return formats[0];
+}
+
+VkPresentModeKHR Graphics::ChooseSwapPresentMode(
+    gsl::span<VkPresentModeKHR> present_modes) {
+  constexpr std::array<VkPresentModeKHR, 3> preferred_modes = {
+      VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR, VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR,
+      VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR};
+
+  for (const auto& preferred : preferred_modes)
+    if (std::find(present_modes.begin(), present_modes.end(), preferred) !=
+        present_modes.end())
+      return preferred;
+
+  return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
+}
+
+VkExtent2D Graphics::ChooseSwapExtent(
+    const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
+  constexpr std::uint32_t kInvalidSize =
+      std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max();
+
+  if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != kInvalidSize) {
+    return capabilities.currentExtent;
+  } else {
+    glm::ivec2 size = window_->GetFramebufferSize();
+    VkExtent2D actual_extent = {static_cast<std::uint32_t>(size.x),
+                                static_cast<std::uint32_t>(size.y)};
+
+    actual_extent.width =
+        std::clamp(actual_extent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
+                   capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
+    actual_extent.height =
+        std::clamp(actual_extent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
+                   capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);
+
+    return actual_extent;
+  }
+}
+
+std::uint32_t Graphics::ChooseSwapImageCount(
+    const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
+  std::uint32_t image_count = capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
+  if (capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 &&
+      capabilities.maxImageCount < image_count)
+    image_count = capabilities.maxImageCount;
+
+  return image_count;
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateSwapChain() {
+  SwapChainProperties properties = GetSwapChainProperties(physical_device_);
+
+  surface_format_ = ChooseSwapSurfaceFormat(properties.formats);
+  present_mode_ = ChooseSwapPresentMode(properties.present_modes);
+  extent_ = ChooseSwapExtent(properties.capabilities);
+
+  std::uint32_t image_count = ChooseSwapImageCount(properties.capabilities);
+
+  VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR info = {};
+  info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
+  info.surface = surface_;
+  info.minImageCount = image_count;
+  info.imageFormat = surface_format_.format;
+  info.imageColorSpace = surface_format_.colorSpace;
+  info.imageExtent = extent_;
+  info.imageArrayLayers = 1;
+  info.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
+  info.presentMode = present_mode_;
+  info.preTransform = properties.capabilities.currentTransform;
+  info.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
+  info.clipped = VK_TRUE;
+  info.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+  QueueFamilyIndices indices = FindQueueFamilies(physical_device_);
+
+  if (indices.graphics_family != indices.presentation_family) {
+    std::array<std::uint32_t, 2> family_indices = {
+        indices.graphics_family.value(), indices.presentation_family.value()};
+    info.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
+    info.queueFamilyIndexCount = family_indices.size();
+    info.pQueueFamilyIndices = family_indices.data();
+  } else {
+    info.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+  }
+
+  VkResult result =
+      vkCreateSwapchainKHR(logical_device_, &info, nullptr, &swap_chain_);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+  std::uint32_t actual_image_count;
+  vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(logical_device_, swap_chain_, &actual_image_count,
+                          nullptr);
+  swap_chain_images_.resize(actual_image_count);
+  vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(logical_device_, swap_chain_, &actual_image_count,
+                          swap_chain_images_.data());
+}
+
+VkImageView Graphics::CreateImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspect_flag) {
+  VkImageViewCreateInfo info = {};
+  info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
+  info.image = image;
+  info.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+  info.format = format;
+  info.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+  info.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+  info.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+  info.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+  info.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspect_flag;
+  info.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
+  info.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+  info.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
+  info.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+
+  VkImageView view;
+  VkResult result = vkCreateImageView(logical_device_, &info, nullptr, &view);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  return view;
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateImageViews() {
+  swap_chain_image_views_.resize(swap_chain_images_.size());
+
+  auto image_view_it = swap_chain_image_views_.begin();
+  for (VkImage image : swap_chain_images_) {
+    *image_view_it = CreateImageView(image, surface_format_.format, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
+    
+    std::advance(image_view_it, 1);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/texture.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+#include "stb/stb_image.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+void Graphics::CreateTextureSampler() {
+  VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler_info = {};
+  sampler_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
+  sampler_info.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+  sampler_info.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+  sampler_info.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+  sampler_info.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+  sampler_info.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
+  sampler_info.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
+  sampler_info.maxAnisotropy = 1.f;
+  sampler_info.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
+  sampler_info.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
+  sampler_info.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
+  sampler_info.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
+  sampler_info.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
+  sampler_info.mipLodBias = 0.f;
+  sampler_info.minLod = 0.f;
+  sampler_info.maxLod = 0.f;
+
+  if (vkCreateSampler(logical_device_, &sampler_info, nullptr,
+                      &texture_sampler_) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+TextureHandle Graphics::CreateTexture(gsl::czstring path) {
+  std::vector<std::uint8_t> data = ReadFile(path);
+  return CreateTexture({data.data(), data.size()});
+}
+
+TextureHandle Graphics::CreateTexture(
+    std::vector<std::uint8_t> image_file_data) {
+  return CreateTexture({image_file_data.data(), image_file_data.size()});
+}
+
+TextureHandle Graphics::CreateTexture(gsl::span<std::uint8_t> image_file_data) {
+  glm::ivec2 image_extents;
+  std::int32_t channels;
+  stbi_uc* pixel_data = stbi_load_from_memory(
+      image_file_data.data(), image_file_data.size(), &image_extents.x,
+      &image_extents.y, &channels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
+
+  VkDeviceSize buffer_size = image_extents.x * image_extents.y * 4;
+  BufferHandle staging =
+      CreateBuffer(buffer_size, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
+                   VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
+                       VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
+  void* data_location;
+  vkMapMemory(logical_device_, staging.memory, 0, buffer_size, 0,
+              &data_location);
+  std::memcpy(data_location, pixel_data, buffer_size);
+  vkUnmapMemory(logical_device_, staging.memory);
+
+  stbi_image_free(pixel_data);
+
+  TextureHandle handle =
+      CreateImage(image_extents, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
+                  VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
+                  VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
+
+  TransitionImageLayout(handle.image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+                        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL);
+  CopyBufferToImage(staging.buffer, handle.image, image_extents);
+  TransitionImageLayout(handle.image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+                        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);
+
+  handle.image_view = CreateImageView(handle.image, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
+                                      VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
+
+  VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo set_info = {};
+  set_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+  set_info.descriptorPool = texture_pool_;
+  set_info.descriptorSetCount = 1;
+  set_info.pSetLayouts = &texture_set_layout_;
+
+  VkResult result =
+      vkAllocateDescriptorSets(logical_device_, &set_info, &handle.set);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+  VkDescriptorImageInfo image_info = {};
+  image_info.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+  image_info.imageView = handle.image_view;
+  image_info.sampler = texture_sampler_;
+
+  VkWriteDescriptorSet descriptor_write = {};
+  descriptor_write.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
+  descriptor_write.dstSet = handle.set;
+  descriptor_write.dstBinding = 0;
+  descriptor_write.dstArrayElement = 0;
+  descriptor_write.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+  descriptor_write.descriptorCount = 1;
+  descriptor_write.pImageInfo = &image_info;
+
+  vkUpdateDescriptorSets(logical_device_, 1, &descriptor_write, 0, nullptr);
+
+  DestroyBuffer(staging);
+  return handle;
+}
+
+void Graphics::DestroyTexture(TextureHandle handle) {
+  vkDeviceWaitIdle(logical_device_);
+
+  if (handle.set != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    vkFreeDescriptorSets(logical_device_, texture_pool_, 1, &handle.set);
+
+  if (handle.image_view != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    vkDestroyImageView(logical_device_, handle.image_view, nullptr);
+
+  if (handle.image != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    vkDestroyImage(logical_device_, handle.image, nullptr);
+
+  if (handle.memory != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    vkFreeMemory(logical_device_, handle.memory, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Graphics::SetTexture(TextureHandle handle) {
+  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(frames_[current_frame_].command_buffer,
+                          VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+                          pipeline_layout_, 1, 1, &handle.set, 0, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Graphics::TransitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkImageLayout old_layout,
+                                     VkImageLayout new_layout) {
+  VkCommandBuffer local_command_buffer = BeginTransientCommandBuffer();
+
+  VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
+  barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+  barrier.oldLayout = old_layout;
+  barrier.newLayout = new_layout;
+  barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+  barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+  barrier.image = image;
+  barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
+  barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
+  barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+  barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+
+  VkPipelineStageFlags source_stage = {};
+  VkPipelineStageFlags destination_stage = {};
+
+  if (old_layout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED &&
+      new_layout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {
+    barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
+    barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+    source_stage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
+    destination_stage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
+  } else if (old_layout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL &&
+             new_layout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {
+    barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+    barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+    source_stage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
+    destination_stage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
+  } else if (old_layout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED &&
+             new_layout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
+    barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
+    barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+                            VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+    source_stage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
+    destination_stage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+  }
+
+  if (new_layout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL)
+    barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
+  else
+    barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+
+  vkCmdPipelineBarrier(local_command_buffer, source_stage, destination_stage, 0,
+                       0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
+
+  EndTransientCommandBuffer(local_command_buffer);
+}
+
+void Graphics::CopyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image,
+                                 glm::ivec2 image_size) {
+  VkCommandBuffer local_command_buffer = BeginTransientCommandBuffer();
+
+  VkBufferImageCopy region = {};
+  region.bufferOffset = 0;
+  region.bufferRowLength = 0;
+  region.bufferImageHeight = 0;
+  region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+  region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
+  region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
+  region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
+  region.imageOffset = {0, 0, 0};
+  region.imageExtent = {static_cast<std::uint32_t>(image_size.x),
+                        static_cast<std::uint32_t>(image_size.y), 1};
+
+  vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(local_command_buffer, buffer, image,
+                         VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);
+
+  EndTransientCommandBuffer(local_command_buffer);
+}
+
+TextureHandle Graphics::CreateImage(glm::ivec2 size, VkFormat image_format,
+                                    VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
+                                    VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
+  TextureHandle handle = {};
+
+  VkImageCreateInfo image_info = {};
+  image_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
+  image_info.usage = usage;
+  image_info.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+  image_info.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
+  image_info.extent.width = size.x;
+  image_info.extent.height = size.y;
+  image_info.extent.depth = 1;
+  image_info.mipLevels = 1;
+  image_info.arrayLayers = 1;
+  image_info.format = image_format;
+  image_info.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
+  image_info.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+  image_info.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+  image_info.flags = 0;
+
+  VkResult result =
+      vkCreateImage(logical_device_, &image_info, nullptr, &handle.image);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to create vertex buffer!");
+
+  VkMemoryRequirements memory_requirements;
+  vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(logical_device_, handle.image,
+                               &memory_requirements);
+
+  std::uint32_t chosen_memory_type =
+      FindMemoryType(memory_requirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);
+
+  VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocation_info = {};
+  allocation_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+  allocation_info.allocationSize = memory_requirements.size;
+  allocation_info.memoryTypeIndex = chosen_memory_type;
+
+  VkResult allocation_result = vkAllocateMemory(
+      logical_device_, &allocation_info, nullptr, &handle.memory);
+  if (allocation_result != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to allocate image memory!");
+
+  vkBindImageMemory(logical_device_, handle.image, handle.memory, 0);
+
+  return handle;
+}
+
+void Graphics::CreateDepthResources() {
+  VkFormat kDepthFormat = VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT;
+  depth_texture_ = CreateImage({extent_.width, extent_.height}, kDepthFormat,
+                               VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
+                               VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
+  depth_texture_.image_view = CreateImageView(
+      depth_texture_.image, kDepthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT);
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/validation_layers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+namespace veng {
+
+static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL
+ValidationCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
+                   VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageTypes,
+                   const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
+                   void* pUserData) {
+  if (messageSeverity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT) {
+    spdlog::warn("Vulkan Validation: {}", pCallbackData->pMessage);
+  } else {
+    spdlog::error("Vulkan Validation: {}", pCallbackData->pMessage);
+  }
+  return VK_FALSE;
+}
+
+VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT GetCreateMessengerInfo() {
+  VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT creation_info = {};
+  creation_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
+  creation_info.messageSeverity =
+      VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
+      VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
+  creation_info.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
+                              VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT;
+  creation_info.pfnUserCallback = ValidationCallback;
+  creation_info.pUserData = nullptr;
+
+  return creation_info;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkLayerProperties> Graphics::GetSupprotedValidationLayers() {
+  std::uint32_t count;
+  vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&count, nullptr);
+
+  if (count == 0) return {};
+
+  std::vector<VkLayerProperties> properties(count);
+  vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&count, properties.data());
+  return properties;
+}
+
+bool LayerMatchesName(gsl::czstring name, const VkLayerProperties& properties) {
+  return streq(properties.layerName, name);
+}
+
+bool IsLayerSupported(gsl::span<VkLayerProperties> layers, gsl::czstring name) {
+  return std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
+                     std::bind_front(LayerMatchesName, name));
+}
+
+bool Graphics::AreAllLayersSupported(gsl::span<gsl::czstring> layers) {
+  std::vector<VkLayerProperties> supported_layers =
+      GetSupprotedValidationLayers();
+
+  return std::all_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
+                     std::bind_front(IsLayerSupported, supported_layers));
+}
+
+void Graphics::SetupDebugMessenger() {
+  if (!validation_enabled_) return;
+
+  VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT info = GetCreateMessengerInfo();
+  VkResult result = vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance_, &info, nullptr,
+                                                   &debug_messenger_);
+  if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    spdlog::error("Cannot create debug messenger");
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace veng

src/vulkan/vk_function_ext_impl.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include "precomp.h"
+#include "vulkan/graphics.h"
+
+VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(
+    VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo,
+    const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator,
+    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pMessenger) {
+  PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT function =
+      reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT>(
+          vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"));
+  if (function != nullptr) {
+    return function(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pMessenger);
+  } else {
+    return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
+  }
+}
+
+VKAPI_ATTR void VKAPI_CALL vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(
+    VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT messenger,
+    const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
+  PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT function =
+      reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT>(
+          vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"));
+  if (function != nullptr) function(instance, messenger, pAllocator);
+}